Below is the full Index of the book, How to Read a Tree.
adaptability of roots 127-9, 134-6
ageing of bark 185-6
alders
branches of 42
as disturbance indicators 18
effect on landscape 258-9
identifying 270
leaves of 159
seasonal changes 235
soil types 16
symbiosis with bacteria 259
trunks of 92
in wet ground 12
Ali, Muhammad 234-5
allelopathic trees 261-2
altitude 8, 14-15
Amberley Brooks 160
American hornbeam 209
ancient woodland indicators (AWIs) 239
angles
of branches 44-6
of trunks 88-9, 101-2
animal damage 200-1, 250-1
apical bud 29-30, 34, 38
apple trees
branches of 65
seasonal changes 234
Aristotle 107
ashes
ash dieback 106
bark of 183, 187
branches of 61, 64
identifying 270
leaves of 155
shoot direction 57
soil types 15
time sensing 218
ash dieback 106
Atlas cedars 278
Attila the Hun 111
autumn 218-21, 223-5
auxins 29-30
avenue effect 58-9
avenues of trees 17-18
awkward trees 83-5
bark
ageing of 185-6
animal damage 200-1
branch bark ridge 192-3, 194
bumps on 199-200
colours of 183-4
creation of 187-90
curves in 201-2
deliberate marks on 202-3
and forking 193-6
fungi on 200
paint marks on 202-3
in paintings 181-2
replacing 185-6
roughness of bark 182-4
as sign of tree life 106-7
and stress on tree 190-1
thickness of 182-4, 188
twists in 201-2
woundwood 196-8
bark-to-bark join 192-3, 194, 195
bark inclusion 192
base of trunks 94-5, 131-2
beeches
bark of 182
branches of 46, 63, 64
in dry ground 13
effect on landscape 258
identifying 271
leaves of 170, 174
roots of 124
seasonal changes 211, 212, 215, 220, 233, 235
shade tolerance 14
trunks of 93, 103, 104-5
Bedford Square 95
Bidente River 265-6
birches
bark of 182
branches of 42, 65, 146
as disturbance indicators 18
identifying 271
light levels 14
as pioneer tree 12
roots of 126
sap in 10
shape of 22-3, 35
shoot direction 57
time sensing 217
wind effects on 83, 145, 146
birdsong 255-6
Black Down 179
black poplars 265
blackthorns
bark of 183
seasonal changes 225-6
branch bark ridge 192-3, 194
branches
angles of 44-6
branch bark ridge 192-3, 194
and buds 51-5
collars of 67-70
defender 50-1
density of 43-4
divisions in 65-6
epicormic sprouts 52-3, 54, 55
‘escape from the woods’ effect 43-4, 57-61
and fallen trees 76-7
growth patterns 61-6
joined together 71-3
and light levels 43-6, 56-7, 65-6, 70-1
lower becoming roots 140-1
missing 46-8
monopodial growth 63-4
opposite or alternate growth 61-2
of pioneer trees 70-1
purposes of 43-4
shoot direction 55-7
and southern eyes 48-50
sympodial growth 63-5
thicknesses of 41-2
wind effects on 77-81, 145, 146
witch’s broom on 71
broadleaves
branches of 61, 68-9
in dry ground 12-14
evolutionary disadvantages of 7-10
following river courses 8
freezing vessels in 9-10
heart of 114
at higher altitudes 14
leaves of 8, 151
light levels 13
rings in 113
roots of 127
shapes of 22, 29-30
transpiration in 8-9
wind effects on 76, 82, 152
in woodlands 8
Browne, William 259
browse line 250-1
Bruxner-Randall, Donna 74-5
Budleigh Salterton 16
buds 51-5, 206-8
bulging in trunks 94-5, 96-8
bumps on bark 199-200
Burrell, Charles 252
burrs 199-200
Cairngorms 77
cambiam 109
canker 196-7
cedars
bark of 188
identifying 278
cherry trees
bark of 182-3, 189-90, 198
branches of 61, 64
identifying 272
seasonal changes 225
chlorosis 168-9
circumference of trunks 89-90
climax trees 11-12
climbers 118-19
coastal areas 19-21
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 23
collars of branches 67-70, 191
colours
of bark 184-5
of leaves 164-71, 207-8
compound leaf shapes 153-4
conifers
bark of 183
branches of 43, 63, 64, 68-9
in dry ground 12
evolutionary advantages of 7-10
freezing vessels in 9-10
heart of 114
at higher altitudes 8, 14-15
identifying 278
leaves of 8, 151, 162, 163, 171-2, 176-7, 178, 179-80
light levels 13, 14
rings in 113
roots of 137
seasonal changes 226
shapes of 22, 29, 32
soil types 15, 16
transpiration in 8-9
wind effects on 15, 76, 82
coppicing 53-5
crack willow 159
Cranborne Chase 260-1
crown shyness 57-8
curiosity 146-9
curve in trunks 99-102
cushioning around obstacles 95-6
cypresses 279
da Vinci, Leonardo 90
Day, Tom 75
deciduous trees
shedding leaves 208
small 211
in spring 206-7
time sensing 216
in winter 210-11
deer 201
defender branches 50-1
defences for leaves 173-5
Delphi oracles 150
dendrochronology 111, 112
density of branches 43-4
deodar cedars 278
desire paths 120-3
disturbance indicators 18-19
divisions in branches 65-6
Dodona oracles 150
dogwoods
branches of 64
identifying 272-3
leaves of 171
Douglas fir 19, 279
drip line 136
dry ground 12-13
East Sheen Cemetery 144-6
elders
bark of 183
effect on landscape 262
identifying 273
leaves of 155
seasonal changes 212
Elford, Colin 259-61
elms
branches of 65
identifying 273
soil types 16
epicormic sprouts 52-3, 54, 55
epidermis 187-8
‘escape from the woods’ effect 43-4, 57-61
eucalyptuses
bark of 188
in dry ground 13
leaves of 164, 173
Evelyn, John 15
evergreen trees
shedding leaves 208-10
fallen trees
through wind 74-7
fire damage 19
firs
identifying 279, 282
leaves on 171-2
seasonal changes 235
shape of 32, 33
flagging 77-8
flaring trunks 90-2
flexing 82-3
flowering trees 225-31, 234
Foreman, George 234-5
forking
and bark 193-6
in trunks 103-5
foxgloves 227-8
freezing vessels 9-10
fruits 232-3, 234
fuchsias 228
fungi 200
Gardner, Rita 246-7
geotropism 100, 101, 123-4
goat willow 159, 253
Graffham Common 244-5
growth method 30-2
growth patterns of branches 61-6
guy roots 130, 131, 142
hairs on leaves 174
Hartig, Robert 108
Hasselqvist, Fredrik 189
hawthorns
as disturbance indicators 18
in dry ground 13
identifying 274
seasonal changes 212
shape of 35
Haydon, Stephen 197
hazels
coppicing 53
height of 27
identifying 274
seasonal changes 212, 233
trunks of 92
heart 109, 133-14
heart root system 124, 125, 126
heartwood 109, 110-11
height of trees 26-9, 32-5
hemlocks
identifying 280
shade tolerance 14
shape of 32, 33
hollies
bark of 183, 188
branches of 64
in dry ground 13
identifying 27405
leaves of 173
seasonal changes 209-10
shade tolerance 14
holm oak 173
hornbeams
bark of 183
horse chestnuts 228, 272
Hot-Cold Empathy Gap 147
Hotchkiss, Alastair 60
Information Gap 147, 149
inosculation 72-3
invisible handrail 56
ivy 163
joined together branches 71-3
junipers
bark of 188
identifying 280
juvenile leaves 161-3
Kensington High Street 160-1
Kew Gardens 120-2
Kingley Vale 246
Knepp Estate 252-3
La Palma 19
Lake District 138
lammas growth 234-5
landmark trees 241-3
landscapes
birdsong in 255-6
effect of trees on 252-5, 256-63
landmark trees 241-3
phytogeography in 246-9
reading through trees 243-5
Tree Pair Secret 246-9
valleys 245
larches
bark of 183
branches of 46
as disturbance indicators 18
identifying 280-1
leaves of 176-7
seasonal changes 208
Large Plane Trees, The (van Gogh) 181
laurels
leaves of 150, 173
roots of 126
layers in stumps 109-11
layers of trees 35-8, 141
leaf litter 141-3
Lebanon cedars 278
leaves
colours of 164-71, 207-8
defences 173-5
as drug 150
growing strategies 155-7
juvenile 161-3
leaf litter 141-3
and light levels 152
lobed 160-1
opposite or alternate growth 61-2
shapes of 153-5
shedding 208-10, 223-5
size of 151-2
and soil condition 168-9
stalks of 176-8
stomatal bloom 171-3
tick effect 157-8
veins in 170-1
and wetlands 158-60
white lines on 171-3
wind effects on 82-3, 152, 223-5
yellowing 168-9
light levels
and branches 43-6, 56-7, 65-6, 70-1
and leaves 152
preferences for 13-14
and shape of trees 32-5
limes
branches of 65
buds on 52
identifying 275
roots of 126
lined bark 188
lobed leaves 160-1
Loewenstein, George 146-7
Lombardy poplars 17-18
London plane 16, 186, 276
lone straggler branches 80-1
Lucombe oak 210
Lucombe, William 210
maples
branches of 61, 65
in dry ground 13
identifying 275-6
leaves of 169-70
sap in 10
seasonal changes 227
marcescence 219-20
Martin, Kevin 120-2
mast years 233
Mattheck, Claus 68, 190
micro-woods 59-61
missing branches 46-8
monolayer trees 35-8
monopodial branch growth 63-4
mulberry trees 217
multilayer trees 35-8
nectaries 176
negative phototropism 123-4
nitrogen fixing 258-9
Norway spruce 186
Noviomagus Reginorum 134-5
oaks
bark of 188
branches of 42, 46, 61, 63, 65
as climax tree 12
identifying 276
in landscape 117
leaves of 169-70
roots of 126
as sacred tree 150
seasonal changes 210, 233, 235
shape of 39
shoot direction 56, 57
time sensing 218
trunks of 93
olive trees 164, 173
opposite or alternate growth 61-2
Oriental planes 161
paint marks 202-3
palm trees 20, 21
patchy bark 188
patterned bark 188
peach trees 215-16, 223
periderm 187-8
phloem 109
phototropism 101
phytogeography 246-9
pines
bark of 183, 188
branches of 47
identifying 281
leaves of 176-7
light levels 13, 14
seasonal changes 235
shape of 32, 33, 38
pinnate compound leaves 154-5
pioneer trees 11-12, 70-1
planes
bark of 181-2, 188
branches of 65
identifying 276
plate root system 124, 125
pollarding 53-5
pollination 226-8
poplars
branches of 61
identifying 276-7
leaves of 177
light levels 14
in wet ground 12
Preston Park 136
primary growth 31-2
Purple Emperor butterfly 254
Pythia 150
radial wall 109
Raimbault’s ten stages of life 235-6, 238
reaction-wood rings 113-14
replacing bark 185-6
rhododendron 178-9
ridges in trunks 98-9
rings 111-14
rivers 8, 42, 265-6
Road Menders at St Rémy, The (van Gogh) 181-2
Rockingham Forest 90-1
Roman Empire 111
roots
adaptability of 127-9, 134-6
and base of trunks 131-2
on hills 132-3
leaf litter around 141-3
low branches becoming 140-1
shallow 137-8
shapes of 123-7
and soil conditions 135-6, 137
space for 138-40
wind effects on 130-2, 137, 148-9
roughness of bark 182-4
sap 8-10
sapwood 109, 110-11
Scots pine
bark of 186
shape of 33
time sensing 217
seasonal changes
in autumn 218-21, 223-5
flowering trees 225-31, 234
folklore around 218
fruits 232-3, 234
lammas growth 234-5
local variations 222-3
mast years 233
seeds 232-3, 234
shedding leaves 208-10
and small trees 211-12
in spring 206-8
time sensing 213-18, 222-3
tree calendars 237, 239
in winter 210-11
woodland ages 239-40
secondary growth 31-2
Secret World of Weather, The (Gooley) 126, 224
seeds 232-3, 234
semi-evergreens 210
sessile oaks 61
shade
and shape of trees 34-6, 38
tolerance of 14
shade profile 257
shallow roots 137-8
shapes of leaves 153-5
shapes of root systems 123-7
shapes of trees
of broadleaves 22, 29-30
changes over time 38-9
of conifers 22, 29, 32
and flowers 230-1
and height of trees 26-9, 32-5
and growth method 30-2
and light levels 32-5
and layers 35-8
reasons for differences in 23-4
and shade 34-6, 38
variety of 22-3
shapes of trunks 92-3
shedding leaves 208-10, 223-5
Shigo, Alex 108
shoot direction 55-7
Sierra de las Nieves National Park 5-6
silver birch 13, 184
simple leaf shapes 153-4
sinker root system 124, 125
Smeaton, John 91
Snitterfield Bushes 48-9
Snowdonia National Park 60-1
soil
and leaves 168-9
and roots 135-6, 137
types of 15-16
in woodland 262-3
southern eyes 48-50
Southwest Winter Injury 198
spikes on stumps 118-19
spring changes 206-8
spruces
bark of 183
branches of 43, 46
identifying 281-2
layers in 110
leaves of 166-7
seasonal changes 208
shape of 32, 33
wind effects on 82
stag-headed trees 39
stalks of leaves 176-8
Step, The 133-4
stomatal bloom 171-3
Storm Arwen 138
streetlights 221-2
stumps see also trunks
climbers on 118-19
disease in 107-9
heart location 113-14
layers in 109-11
and local landscape 117-18
rings 111-14
spikes on 118-19
sugar maple 215
sunscald 197-8
sweet chestnut 201-2, 272
sycamores
branches of 65
in coastal areas 19-20
in urban environment 16
Sylva (Evelyn) 15
sympodial branch growth 63-5
tamarisks 20
Tansley, Arthur George 246
tap root system 124, 125, 126, 127
tapering trunks 92
Taylor, Sarah 259
Tegala, Ajay 12, 13
temperature sensitivity 14-15
Theophrastus 124
thicknesses
of bark 182-4, 188
of branches 41-2
Thomas, Peter 218-19, 221
thorns 173-4
tick effect 72, 157-8
time sensing 213-18, 222-3
Tolpuddle tree 40-1, 53
transpiration 8-9
Treatise on Painting, A (da Vinci) 90
Tree of Life 127-9
Tree, Isabella 252, 253, 254
Tree Pair Secret 246-9
trunks see also stumps
angle of 88-9, 101-2
base of 94-5
bulging in 94-5, 96-8
circumference of 89-90
curve in 99-102
cushioning around obstacles 95-6
flaring 90-2
forks in 103-5
ridges in 98-9
shape of 92-3
tapering 92
wind effect on 92-3
Tucker, John 136
urban environments 16-17
valleys 245
van Gogh, Vincent 181-2, 184
veins in leaves 170-1
walnut trees
effects on landscape 261, 262
identifying 277
roots of 126
soil types 15-16
Warming, Eugen 246
watersprouts 55-7
wayfaring tree 230
wedge effect 79
Weldon 90-1
wet ground 12
white lines on leaves 171-3
white poplar 164
Wicken Fen 12, 13
willows
bark of 183
branches of 42, 65
as disturbance indicators 18
identifying 277
leaves of 158-9
light levels 14
and Purple Emperor butterfly 254
soil types 16
in wet ground 12
Win Green Hill 59-60
wind
changed by trees 85-7
and branches 77-81
and fallen trees 74-7
flagging 77-8
flexing 82-3
injury to conifers 15
and leaves 82-3, 152, 223-5
lone straggler branches 80-1
and pollination 226-7, 229
and roots 130-2, 137, 148-9
studying effects of 83-4
and trunks 92-3
wedge effect 79
wind tunnel effect 80-1
in woodland 86-7
wind tunnel effect 80-1
windsnap 76
winter changes 210-11
windthrow 75-6
witch’s broom 71, 200
woodlands
age of 239-40
avenue effect 58-9
birdsong in 256
branch density in 43-4
broadleaves in 8
climax trees in 11-12
‘escape from the woods’ effect 43-4, 57-61
height of trees in 25
micro-woods 59-61
pioneer trees in 11-12
soil in 262-3
wind in 86-7
woundwood 196-8
xylem 110
yellowing leaves 168-9
yews
bark of 183
in dry ground 13
identifying 282
shade tolerance 14
trunks of 92
in urban environments 16-17
Yu Chien-ku 213